This inventory planning dictionary defines 140+ supply chain and inventory terms in plain English, from everyday acronyms like SKU, EOH, BOH, and S&OP to core planning concepts like safety stock, lead time, and weeks of supply. Use it as a quick reference whether you're a seasoned planner or just getting started, and jump to any term in the table of contents.
3PL (third-party logistics) is an organization's use of an outside business to outsource parts of its distribution, warehousing, and fulfillment services. Also known as TPL.
The 80/20 rule holds that 80% of effects result from 20% of causes. In planning, it often refers to the top 20% of SKUs that drive 80% of a business's sales. Also known as the Pareto Principle.
Air ship is a mode of transporting saleable goods. Because of its high cost, it is typically used to speed up a product's lead time for an earlier receipt.
Allocation describes how demand is spread across an entire portfolio or a subset of products. It can describe sizing (size allocation) of a style, or demand across all products in a category by style or color.
Anticipated stock out is a calculation of when an item will go out of stock, computed as today's date + (DSI / 365). See DSI.
AOV (average order value) is a metric for how much a customer spends on average per order, calculated as revenue ÷ number of orders. Also called basket size or cart value.
API (application programming interface) is a means that allows computer applications to communicate with each other.
ATS (available to sell) is the number of units of a product allocated for sale. By default it excludes units pending shipment, allocated to existing orders, or committed on backorders.
AUC (average unit cost) is a metric for the per-unit cost of inventory sold, held, or in transit, calculated as total cost of goods ÷ total units.
AUR (average unit retail) is a metric for the per-unit retail value of inventory sold, held, or in transit, calculated as total retail value of goods ÷ total units.
Available stock is the total amount of an item available for use or sale, calculated as total stock on hand − allocated stock. Similar to ATS.
Average inventory measures the value of goods across two or more time periods and is typically used in calculating turnover. It is calculated as (period 1 inventory + period 2 inventory) ÷ number of periods.
A backorder is an order for goods that cannot be fulfilled at the current time due to a lack of available stock, implying that demand outweighs supply.
A barcode is a unique, machine-readable representation of a product. It can refer to the visual pattern scanned at a POS or a unique number string specific to an individual SKU.
BOH (beginning on hand) is the total inventory value at the start of a period, typically a month, week, or year. Related terms include BOP (beginning of period), BOM (beginning of month), and BOS (beginning of season). BOH is usually stated at cost value but can also be shown at retail value, and typically represents total value owned, including inventory not sitting at a warehouse.
BOM (bill of materials) is a list of the materials required to produce an item. A BOM may be tied to a production order, generating reservations on in-stock components and a request to order those that aren't. Fuse Inventory Control manages multi-level BOMs for brands that make, batch, or assemble product.
Bottom-up forecasting is an approach that focuses on the performance of an individual product and de-emphasizes macro factors such as a business's sales plan or other products. It is the opposite of top-down forecasting, and the two are often used together to optimize forecasts.
Breadth is the number of product lines a company carries, used in conjunction with depth, which is the variety within each product line.
Build describes performance over two consecutive periods, calculated as period 2 sales ÷ period 1 sales. For example, a SKU selling $80 in January and $90 in February has a 1.125x or 12.5% build. A result below one is a de-build.
Bundles, also known as kits, are the combination of multiple SKUs sold as one.
A campaign is a marketing or advertising effort that promotes a product across media channels over a set time period to increase sales of a product or subset of products.
Cannibalization is the reduction in sales of one product due to the presence of another product in the assortment.
Capacity is the maximum output of products that can be produced in a given period, and can be referenced in the design, production, or fulfillment of goods.
Carrying costs are the costs of holding inventory, calculated as cost of inventory on hand + storage cost of inventory on hand. They are typically used in calculating EOQ.
Carton quantity is the number of products that fit in a box, typically used with MOQ to determine the most cost-effective production of goods.
A channel, also known as a vertical, is a method of selling products, such as a retail store, eCommerce platform, or third party. Multi-channel refers to using two or more channels.
COGS (cost of goods sold) is the total value or cost of products sold during a specific time period.
Committed stock is product not available for sale because it is reserved, typically for a sales or purchase order.
Comp styles are comparable styles of product used as an indicator of sales in cases of uncertainty.
Consumption is the amount of raw materials used in the production of goods.
Cost of capital is the cost associated with having money tied up in inventory.
Current period (CP) is a specific current time period, often used alongside TY (this year) and LY (last year).
A cycle count is the process of verifying inventory quantity data by regularly counting portions of inventory.
A dashboard is a visible summary of key data used to understand overall performance.
Demand is the need for a specific item in a specific quantity. Unlike sales, demand is an indicator unaffected by inventory availability. Fuse Demand Planning generates a daily, SKU-level demand forecast for every channel.
A discount is the savings a customer receives from a coupon, or that a wholesaler receives in order to profit on the sale of a good.
A distribution center (DC) is a warehouse or location that stocks product for sale to retailers, wholesalers, or customers.
Dropship is a method of moving goods to the end user without going through the typical distribution channel, such as fulfilling from a warehouse rather than a store, or shipping directly from the factory to the customer.
DSI (days sales of inventory) is a metric for the average time in days to turn inventory into sales, calculated as (average inventory ÷ COGS) × 365. Also known as the average age of inventory.
EDI (electronic data interchange) is the transfer of data from one computer system to another.
EOH (ending on hand) is the total inventory value at the end of a period, typically a month, week, or year. Related terms include EOP (end of period), EOM (end of month), and EOS (end of season). EOH is usually stated at cost value but can also be shown at retail value, and typically represents total value owned, including inventory not sitting at a warehouse.
EOQ (economic order quantity) is the most cost-effective quantity to order, found at the point where order cost and carrying cost are lowest.
ERP (enterprise resource planning) is business process management software that integrates multiple applications to manage a business and automate functions.
Excess inventory is inventory greater than the amount deemed "right" based on a business's turn goals. Any inventory beyond that target period is considered excess.
FIFO (first in, first out) is a method of valuing inventory that assumes the first items placed in inventory are the first sold. End-of-period valuation is therefore weighted toward the most recently received goods.
Fill rate is a metric comparing items sold to items purchased, calculated as items sold ÷ items purchased. Above 100% indicates goods are being backordered due to stockouts.
Finished goods are inventory in a saleable or shippable form, depending on their location in the supply chain.
FOB (free or freight on board) means the seller or factory pays to transport goods to the port and load them, while the buyer pays remaining costs to the final location. FOB cost is the production cost of inventory and differs from landed (direct or standard) cost.
A forecast is an estimate of future demand. Companies often use forecast, budget, and plan interchangeably; at Fuse, forecast refers to the original projection while projected sales refers to adjustments made as sales actualize and trends emerge.
Forecast period is the time span for which a forecast is applicable.
GMROI (gross margin return on inventory investment), also GMROII, is an inventory profitability ratio showing margin relative to inventory investment, calculated as gross margin ÷ average inventory cost.
Gross margin is the difference between cost and sale price, or a business's total sales less its COGS. It is calculated as sale price (or total sales) − cost (or COGS).
GM% (gross margin percentage) expresses gross margin as a function of sale price or total sales, calculated as gross margin ÷ sale price (or total sales).
Gross sales is a metric for a company's overall sales, excluding the costs of generating those sales as well as discounts or returns. It is the sum of all sales invoices, or in forecasting, the sum of all unit sales times their selling price.
Handover is the point when goods finish production and begin transportation to their final destination or warehouse. Companies may value inventory as owned upon handover.
Hindsight is the act of analyzing and recapping product performance in a specific forecast period.
Historical sales are sales attached to prior periods of time.
IMS (in-market sales) is the sale of a company's products after they have already sold to the original customer. For example, when a wholesaler buys inventory it is recorded as a product sale to the wholesaler; once the wholesaler sells those goods to an end customer, that is an IMS.
IMS (inventory management system) is technology, both hardware and software, that tracks inventory levels, orders, sales, and deliveries. In manufacturing it can also issue work orders, BOMs, and other production documents. Its main goal is to avoid overstock and stockouts.
IMU (initial or item markup) is the amount, expressed as a percentage, that a retailer adds to the cost of a good to determine its selling price.
In-season is a current planning period. Activities include analysis of product and category performance, markdowns and promotions, reforecasting, and ongoing management of replenishment or evergreen inventory.
In-stock rate is the amount of an assortment that is in stock, calculated as SKUs in stock ÷ total available SKUs. It can also be measured at the door, item, or SKU level; for example, a retailer with 100 doors carrying 10 SKUs each at a 95% in-stock rate has at least one unit in 950 of 1,000 door/SKU combinations.
In transit describes goods between the time of handover and the time of receipt. Businesses may value inventory in transit as well as in a physical location.
Inventory turnover, also known as turn, is a measure of the velocity of inventory, calculated as average inventory ÷ annual COGS. A turn goal of 4x means about 3 months of inventory are owned at any point in time.
Just-in-time (JIT) is the ordering and receipt of inventory for a shorter demand window. It may reduce or eliminate safety stock under the assumption that goods can be procured in time to align with the demand period.
Landed costs, also known as standard or direct costs, are the costs of producing and receiving saleable goods to a storage location. A product's landed cost typically includes the FOB cost and is used to value one unit of inventory. Fuse Inventory Control automatically calculates landed unit cost and COGS for every SKU.
Last-period demand is a forecasting method that uses demand from a previous period as the forecast for a subsequent period.
Lead-time (LT) is the amount of time it takes for a purchased item to be delivered after it is ordered.
Lead-time demand is demand accounted for during a product's lead time. For example, forecasted demand of 5 units per day over a 10-day lead time is 50 units of lead-time demand.
LIFO (last in, first out) is a method of valuing inventory that assumes the last items placed in inventory are the first sold. End-of-period valuation is therefore weighted toward earlier-received goods.
A line plan, also called a slot plan or assortment plan, defines which products will be added to the assortment, how many pieces to expect, and when they will be available.
To liquidate is to convert stale or excess inventory into cash by selling to a third party, often a liquidator or off-price wholesaler.
Lot size, also known as order quantity, is the quantity of an item ordered for delivery on a specific date, or in manufacturing, the amount made in a single production run.
Made-to-order, also make-to-order or procure-to-order, refers to goods produced to supply a specific demand, where ordering or manufacturing begins only after a sales order is received.
MAP (minimum advertised price) is the minimum amount resellers agree not to advertise a product's price below.
A markdown is the lowering of a product's selling price, typically by a set percentage, to move stale or slow-moving inventory faster. Unlike a promotion, it is considered permanent until the product sells out.
MOH (months on hand) is a metric for how many months it will take inventory to sell out based on current on-hand inventory, calculated as current inventory value ÷ an average month's sales. It is an alternative to WOH and DSI and can apply to a product, category, or total business.
MOQ (minimum order quantity) is the minimum amount that can be ordered from a supplier in a single order, often used with carton size to optimize ordering. Fuse Inventory Control tracks vendor-specific MOQs and casepacks so they're always on hand when placing POs.
MRP (materials requirement planning) is a system for production planning, scheduling, and inventory control in manufacturing. Its goal is to efficiently manage the resources needed to meet manufacturing demand while maintaining lean inventory.
MSRP (manufacturer's suggested retail price), also known as the sticker or selling price, is multiplied by a product's unit projection in forecasting to yield gross sales.
Multi-channel refers to a business's use of many channels of selling. It differs from omni-channel, which unifies sales and marketing across all channels; multi-channel is less integrated.
Net sales is gross sales less discounts, returns, and allowances. It is a factor in profit but excludes the cost of goods sold and the cost of selling them.
OMS (order management system) is software used for order entry and processing.
On-hand inventory is the value of inventory available at a given time, valued as total owned in a physical location or as assets regardless of location.
On order is a record of goods requested but not yet received.
OOS rate (out of stock rate) is the inverse of in-stock rate, calculated as SKUs not in stock ÷ total available SKUs.
An open PO (open purchase order) is a purchase order for which goods are not delivered or only partially delivered. A PO is considered closed once goods are fully received.
OTB (open-to-buy) is the difference between how much inventory is needed and how much is available; it also serves as the purchasing budget for future inventory orders.
Overstock, also known as excess inventory, is inventory or supply in excess of what is needed based on demand.
Penetration is the impact a product's or category's sales has on the overall business. A category making up 5% of total sales has a penetration of 5%. Similar to allocation.
Phase off, also known as sell-off, is the intentional depletion of inventory.
PI (physical inventory) is the process of counting all inventory in a warehouse or location in a single period, typically once per year. Unlike a cycle count, it verifies all inventory levels, and its data may reset an inventory record for a point in time.
A plan reflects the optimal timing and quantity of a product assortment. Building that plan is the job of demand planning.
PLM (product lifecycle management) is software that tracks a product through development, launch, growth, maturity, and decline. Its goal is to provide a backbone for product information.
A PO (purchase order) is a contract document used to request, authorize, track, and process items purchased from a supplier, often including payment terms and handover or receipt dates. Fuse Inventory Control lets you draft, place, track, and receive POs directly in the platform.
POS (point-of-sale), also point-of-purchase or POP, is the time and place at which a retail transaction is completed.
A post-mortem is the analysis of a product, category, or business after a sale or forecast period, similar to hindsighting, to understand what worked and what didn't and inform future strategies.
Post-season is the period following in-season, where a post-mortem may take place and performance insights drive future decisions.
Pre-season is the period before a product's sale or in-season period. Activities include analyzing historical sales and competitive data to inform purchasing decisions and support strategies.
Product life cycle is the period in which an item is an active saleable item. It may also refer to a product's development time.
Production time is the amount of time it takes to manufacture a product. It differs from lead-time because it excludes development and transit time.
Profitability is the degree to which a business or product yields financial gain, often measured by a price-to-earnings ratio. Both GMROI and GM% are measures of profitability.
A promotion is the act of increasing marketing activity or reducing selling price to support sales of a product or assortment. A temporary sale for a set period is the most common form.
Raw materials, also unfinished goods or components, are inventory used in the production process of goods. Fuse Inventory Control tracks raw materials and components with multi-level BOM support.
A reorder point is the inventory level set to trigger an order of an individual product, calculated as lead-time demand + safety stock.
Receipts are the finished goods associated with the receiving process. Goods on order transfer to receipts once in the receiving process and may then be classified as inventory.
The receiving process is the act of placing finished goods into inventory.
Recency refers to the sales closest to the forecast period. It is attributable to trend, which can change a projection.
Relevant history is data recorded under conditions similar enough to current and future periods that it can be used to forecast demand. For example, this year's Q1 data may be relevant history for projecting next year's Q1.
Replenishment is the physical re-stocking of products. In an assortment, it often refers to evergreen products with less volatile demand that are more accurately purchased due to their constant demand.
RFID (radio frequency identification) is a technology in which encrypted digital data aids the physical tracking of inventory.
ROI (return on investment) is a measure used to evaluate the efficiency of an investment.
Safety stock, also known as buffer stock, is the quantity of inventory reserved to allow for variation in demand. It may be set by a quantity or a WOS target. Fuse Demand Planning factors safety stock targets into every restock recommendation.
A sales order is a document used to approve, track, and process outbound customer orders or shipments.
Sales per square foot measures the return on investment of a physical selling location and can estimate sales based on store size. It is calculated as sales ÷ square feet of selling space.
Sales velocity is a measurement of how fast a business is making money or how quickly a product is sold.
Seasonality is fluctuation in demand that repeats the same pattern over like time periods, such as products that follow the same yearly sales pattern for a span of weeks, months, or quarters.
Sell-off, also known as phase-off, is the act of intentionally depleting a product's inventory, typically as a sale at a lower selling price.
Sell-through rate compares inventory owned to amount sold for a period, calculated as units sold ÷ units owned.
Service level describes a desired fill-rate and on-time-delivery rate.
Setup costs are costs associated with initiating a production run, such as a plate, tooling fee, or machine setup. They may be absorbed into the product cost.
Short-ship, also short-shipment, refers to goods requested on a PO but not fully fulfilled by the supplier, where the quantity received is less than the quantity ordered.
Short-stock, also known as a shortage, is when there isn't enough supply to meet demand, resulting in a stockout.
Shrink, also shrinkage, is when a business has fewer items in stock than recorded, due to error, damage, or theft. Keeping a set shrink-rate allowance helps avoid being short-stocked.
SKU (stock keeping unit) is a specific item in a specific unit of measure, typically each. It can be used interchangeably with item number.
Smoothing is the removal of variation from demand. It may be used interchangeably with normalizing demand.
Stale inventory is inventory that has exceeded its shelf life, or for non-perishable goods, inventory that has aged and become slow-selling.
Standard deviation describes the spread of variation in a distribution of data.
Stock-to-sales is a monthly ratio measuring the ability of on-hand inventory to meet demand, calculated as beginning-of-month unit inventory ÷ unit sales for the month.
A stockout is when inventory levels are not enough to meet demand. Fuse Demand Planning quantifies stockout gaps in units and dollars and shows the window from when you run out to when the next shipment arrives.
Stockout date is a measure of when an item will run out of stock, similar to anticipated stockout.
Storage cost is the cost of physically storing inventory, including space and any storage fees. It is used with inventory value to determine carrying costs.
Top-down forecasting is a method that quantifies macro or external impacts on a business to understand overall sales forecasts, then applies trends to subsets down to the individual SKU level. It is the alternative to bottom-up forecasting.
Transit time is the length of time it takes a finished good to reach its receiving location from its handover location.
A trend is a gradual increase or decrease in demand over time.
Units are individual pieces of physical inventory.
UOM (unit of measure) describes how the quantity of an item is tracked in inventory. The most common is eaches, but products can also be measured in cases, pallets, ounces, pairs, and more.
UPC (universal product code) is a unique string of 12 numeric digits assigned to each product. Along with the barcode, it is used to identify and track a finished good.
UPT (units per transaction) is a sales metric for the average number of items a customer purchases per order in a given period, calculated as units sold ÷ number of orders.
Variability describes data that diverges from the average or norm, and the extent to which it differs.
Variants are unique attributes tied to a specific product, such as size, color, fabric, or category.
A virtual warehouse, also known as a data warehouse, collects and displays business data for any moment in time. It is sometimes used to allocate and reserve physical inventory for use across different channels.
Volatility is the tendency to change rapidly and unpredictably.
WMS (warehouse management system) is software whose goal is to support and optimize warehouse functionality and distribution center management through the effective movement and storage of inventory or materials.
WOH (weeks on hand) is a metric for how many weeks it will take inventory to sell out based on current on-hand inventory and current average weekly sales, calculated as inventory on hand ÷ average weekly sales. It differs from WOS, which looks forward to projected weekly sales.
WOS (weeks of supply) is a metric for how many weeks it will take inventory to sell out based on on-hand inventory and future projected weekly sales, calculated as inventory on hand ÷ future average weekly sales. Fuse Demand Planning calculates forward-looking WOS dynamically so you always know how many weeks of supply you have per SKU and channel.
Yield is the amount of goods created from raw materials, the opposite of consumption. For example, if a product's consumption is 5 yards of fabric, 5 yards of fabric yields one finished unit.
YoY (year-over-year) describes data relative to a prior-year period. For example, comparing this year (TY) to last year (LY) is YoY performance. It can also compare a future year to its subsequent year.